The relationship between the individual and his environment is mutual, and the environment of the individual and the activity of the environment on the individual constitute a system of interaction that is constantly fed.
The image of the city is the effect perceived by the individual towards a point or area where the relationship established between the landscape and its surroundings becomes concrete, it is the impression that the individual has from the urban environment.
They are the elements used by the individual while describing or describing the urban environment. Therefore, the image of the city is individual and can differ depending on the relationship and communication the individual establishes with the city.
Although there are conceptual overlaps between Identity and Image; The distinct difference between them is that the image is based on a personal evaluation and the identity on a collective evaluation. Urban image elements are urban impact points or areas that have left traces on the individual.
Kevin Lynch (1965) evaluates urban image elements under five headings in his book "Image of the City": connections, borders, regions, focal points and landmarks. Lynch showed that an expression with a high level of abstraction, which can reveal the summarized expression of a city, can be put forward by using symbols defining five elements in the urban image map proposed for the expression of urban image elements.
The urban image map is undoubtedly closely related to the scale of evaluation. The image map made for the whole of the city will definitely differ from the one done at the neighborhood scale in terms of evaluation. Urban image elements have the meanings summarized below.
Connections: The circulation between action areas within the city is the relation axes. Undoubtedly, not all of these axes are the ones that have had an impact on the individual. There may be links, streets, streets, canals, bridges, etc. There may also be transportation, communication networks.
Borders: These are the lines of separation between action areas within the city. While the separation between land and sea can be considered as the boundary, the sharp difference in the land topography, the elements that create obstacles such as railways or high-flow roads with large cross-sections are considered as borders. Socially formed virtual borders can also be expressed in this scope.
Districts: They are urban action areas. They are different urban areas where residential, industrial, green coastal areas or work areas, education campuses or other reinforcement areas are created.
Landmarks: These are the breaking points where the users gather and meet in the urban space. Squares, squares, extensions in front of some buildings are within this scope.
Marks: They are effective structures in cities when making directions or finding directions. These can be buildings as well as various structural elements such as fountains, trees, and urban furniture. The city is defined with the help of these landmarks.
Urban Image Components
Paths
A pedestrian road, a 15-meter carriageway or railroad running through the houses is both a vehicle for people to perceive their surroundings and an object that guides them. Roads are sometimes suitable for thresholds and sometimes for crossing between regions.
Kevin Lynch predicts that you can reach the city center from the hierarchical structure of the roads even if you are located in the remote corner of a readable city. While greened and pedestrianized roads necessarily encompass and set a route for pedestrians, a roadway can form a border for pedestrians.
Edges
You are walking in the residential area; houses, parks, parking lots, maybe a primary school and a small market. When you continue walking in the same direction for a while, you cross the road and the small industrial area begins. The element of intangible boundaries as well as roads is usually the transition area between two different regions.
The beach area between the city and the sea, the road or walls between the residence and industry are good examples. The person also has his own psychological boundaries and is among the factors that play a major role in recognizing the area. They are like an abstract linear threshold.
Districts
Sometimes when you look around in your current position; You can understand where you are from the roads, building typologies, and the spatial characteristics of the area. "I am in the city center" will come to your mind where trade is concentrated, where there are squares and a statue or service buildings.
In a place surrounded by residences, there will be a residential zone, and the place where noisy and single-storey workshops are located will be an industrial zone. Regions can vary in size and shape from person to person.
Nodes
These points are the strategic points that allow the observer to enter the city or the places where traveling from one point to another is the most memorable. Since intersections are the point where many roads meet, they take functionality according to the characteristics of the road system they are connected to.
A node where pedestrian paths meet is from the square, giving a feeling of closeness, it is called the focal point, as it is areas for people to participate in urban life. We can sample it as a crossroads, a square or a park. They are the points of intersection, union and distribution of people.
Landmarks
It can be a statue, a different building, any signpost, a shop or a large mountain. Signal elements form a point reference source. They are usually easily identifiable physical formations. Besides the sign items that everyone can agree on (for example Paris, the Eiffel Tower), there can also be private personal sign items (such as Yaman Market). The most distinctive feature is that they are physical and / or content or unforgettable objects.
MUHAMMET KIRAZ
MMA+ DESIGN
ARCHITECT
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
REFERENCES
Image of the City , (1960), Kevin Lynch
Site planning, (1962), Kevin Lynch
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